168 
28 
PV 1 



BULLETIN 



OF 



THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS 



NO. 327 



OFFICIAL SERIES NO. 99 



APRIL 5, 1914 



Manual Training in the High School 



BY 



O. A. HANSZEN 

Adjunct Professor of Manual Train in u 

AND 

Assistant Visitor of Schools 




Published by the University six times a month and entered aa second class 
matter at the postoffice at 

AUSTTN", TEXAS 



PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS 

PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE: 

W. J. Battle Killis Campbell A. Caswell Ellis 

J. C. Townes F. W. Simonds R. A. Law 

W. S. Carter E. C. Barker J. A. Lomax 

The publications of the University of Texas are issued six times 
a month. They are irranged in the following series: 

Official Humanistic 

General Scientific 

Press Medical 

Extension Municipal Research 

For postal purposes the publications are numbered consecutively 
as bulletins without regard to the arrangement in series. With 
the exception of special numbers, any bulletin will be sent to a 
citizen of Texas free on request. All communications about Uni- 
versity publications should be addressed to the Editor of University 
Publications, University of Texas, Austin. 



479-514-700-5640 



BULLETIN 



OF 



THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS 

NO. 327 
OFFICIAL SERIES NO. 99 APRIL 5, 1914 



Manual Training in the High School 



BY 



O. A. HANSZEN 

Adjunct Professor of Manual Training 

and 

Assistant Visitor of Schools 




Published by the University six times a month and entered as second class 
matter at the postoffice at 

AUSTIN, TEXAS 



TTiS8 



The benefits of education and of useful 
knowledge, generally diffused through a com- 
munity, are essential to the preservation of a 
free government. 

Sam Houston. 



Cultivated mind is the guardian genius 
of demociacy. ... It is the only dictator that 
freemen acknowledge and the only security 
that freemen desire. 

Mirabeau B. Lamar. 



a. 
ma/ 



ot Dm 



INTRODUCTION 

There is a widespread and growing demand, in this country, for 
manual training and industrial education. This demand is an 
effort to meet some of the fundamental educational needs of our 
school system and the social need for a larger number of intelli- 
gent trained workers for the industries. It has resulted in the 
teaching of a variety of the manual or mechanic arts and in the 
development of a number of systems of instruction. Almost all 
of the large cities in every State have spent large sums for build- 
ings and equipment in order to meet the demand. The Work in 
these centers is thoroughly organized, and the excellent results 
thus far attained have fully justified the large expenditures. 

Tn order to extend the benefits of instruction in manual train- 
ing to more schools, legislation to encourage and assist schools 
undertaking this work, has been enacted in many of the States. 

The Texas Legislature has aided the public schools, by appro- 
priating money to supplement the funds raised by local means. It 
has also provided for the training of teachers of manual training, 
in the higher educational institutions of the State. The Univer- 
sity of Texas is assisting in the spread and development of the 
work, not only by offering courses in manual training for teachers. 
but by granting entrance credits for the work done in the affiliated 
high schools. In many parts of the State plans arc being made 
for the introduction of manual training into the public school 
course, or for the extension and development of the work already 
started. But the lack of proper information makes it difficult for 
the superintendent and school hoards to plan wisely. The few 
well organized and successful large manual training high schools 
are taken as guides by many of the smaller schools introducing the 
work. Copying in detail the systems, the equipment, and the 
course of study of these large schools, does not avoid serious mis- 
takes, since careful adjustment to local conditions and to the need-: 
of the community must be made if this new part of the school 
work is to succeed. Some of the adjustments cannot be made 
until after the work is pretty well organized and in operation, hut 
some phases of the problem must be solved before the equipment 
is purchased, and in many cases this has to be done before n com- 



■1 Bulletin of the University oj Texas 

petenl teacher can be secured. It is the purpose of this bulletin to 
supply such information concerning courses of study, equipment, 
space required, etc., as is needed by superintendents organizing 
departments of manual training; also to indicate the best lines 
along winch to develop and improve the course of study and 
instruction. 



COURSES OF STUDY 

In the organization of the manual training department in the 
high school, much care should be exercised in planning or in select- 
ing a course of study. Upon the course adopted will largely de- 
pend the amount and the shape of floor space, the number and 
character of rooms, the kind of equipment, the special training of 
the teacher, and other important elements. 

It is doubtful if there could be outlined, at this time, courses 
which would satisfactorily meet the needs of all schools in the 
State. These needs differ not only with different types and grades 
of schools, but with the particular locality and community. The 
following courses, it is believed, will serve as safe guides to a large 
majority of the public high schools. The course in Group I is 
recommended for rural high schools, those in Group II for high 
schools in medium sized cities having no extensive manufacturing 
industries, and the course in Group III for schools in large cities 
and for schools in manufacturing centers. 

GBOUP I. 
Two-Year Course. 

DRAWING. 

First Year. — Freehand projection sketches, from objects and 
from details of buildings and furniture. Use of instruments. 
Lettering. Geometric constructions. Working drawings. 

Second Year. — Working drawings of farm building details, fur- 
niture problems, or useful farm projects. Sketching of machine 
details from objects. Perspective sketches from projection draw- 
ings. 

SHOPWORK. 

First Year. — Bench woodwork. A., 1 to 6. Carpentry applied 
to concrete forms and frame buildings. D, 1 and 2a. Concrete 
construction. 

Second Year. — Carpentry applied to farm buildings, D, 2a and 
b, or benchwork, A. 5 to 9 and B, 1 to 3, and simple furniture 



6 Bulletin of the University of Texas 

problems, C, 1 to 3. Forging, 1 to 9, 13. Simple sheet metal 
work, 1 to 3. 

Note. — The figures and letters following subjects refer to the 
detailed outlines and indicate the amount of work to use. 

GROUP II. 

Two-Year Course. 

DRAWING. 

First Year. — Freehand projection sketches from objects. Use 
of instruments. Geometric constructions. Scale working draw- 
ings. Freehand lettering. Tracing. 

Second Year. — Perspective sketches from projection drawings. 
Furniture details. Orthographic projections. Elementary archi- 
tectural drawings. Original cottage plans and elevations. 

SHOPWOEK. 

First Year. — Bench woodwork. Wood finishing. 
Second Year. — Advanced bench woodwork. Problems in furni- 
ture construction, 1 to 3. 

Three-Year Course. 

The first and second year of this course should be the same as 
the first and second year of the two-year course except that turning 
should be included in the second year's work. 

DRAWING. 

Third Year. — Intersections. Developments. Sketching of ma- 
chine parts. Geometric curves. Architectural or machine drawing. 

SHOPWORK. 

Third Year. — Forge work, 1 to 13. Sheet metal work. Ma- 
chine shop work, A to J). 

GROUP III. 

Four-Year Course. 

DRAWING. 

First Year. — Freehand projection sketches from objects. Use 
of instruments. Geometric constructions. Scale working draw- 



Manual Training in the High School 7 

ings. Conventional representation of materials. Freehand letter- 
ing. Tracing. Principles of decorative design. 

Second Year. — Perspective sketching from orthographic projec- 
tions. Furniture details and working drawings. Orthographic 
projections. Use of water colors. Isometric and oblique drawing. 
Elementary architectural drawing. Original cottage plans and 
elevations. 

Third Year. — Intersections. Developments. Higher geometric 
curves. Architectural or machine details. 

Fourth Year. — Shades and shadows. Line shading. Perspective. 
Drawing for reproduction. Choice of architectural or machine 
drawing. 

SHOPWORK. 

First Year. — Bench woodwork. Problems in simple furniture 
construction, C, 1 to 2. Wood finishes. 

Second Year. — Turning. Choice of: Art metal work, A and C, 
and problems in furniture construction, 2 to 4 ; or, Pattern making 
and moulding. 

Third Year. — Forging. Choice of: Art metal and sheet metal 
work; or, Pattern making, moulding and foundry practice. 

Fourth Year. — Machine shop work. 

TIME REQUIRED. 

The amount of time that should be given to each of the subjects 
suggested in the preceding outlines of courses cannot be deter- 
mined except by trial in each particular school. The previous 
training and experience of the pupils, the standard of work de- 
manded by the teacher, and the character of the material used, 
will largely determine the apportionment of the time available 
for the work. 

As considerable time at the beginning of the laboratory period 
must be used in preparing for the work, and as considerable time 
at the clo^e of the period must be used in cleaning up and setting 
things in order, this extra time amounting in many cases to as 
much as fifteen minutes, each laboratory lesson should be given a 
double period, or about ninety minutes. 

Many of the most valuable problems require a number of hours 
for completion, and when this time is divided into short and scat- 



8 Bulletin of the University of Texas 

tered periods the pupil's interest is sure to lag, and much of the 
instruction given is forgotten before it can be applied. It is there- 
fore recommended that at least two periods of 90 minutes each be 
devoted to shopwork and an equal amount to drawing each week. 
The University is offering -J or 1 unit of credit for manual train- 
ing (shopwork) and ^ or 1 unit of credit for drawing. In order 
to obtain one unit of credit in either of these subjects, the amount 
of time devoted to the subject must be at least five periods of 80 
minutes each per week for thirty-six weeks, or the equivalent of 
this time may lie spread over two years of the high school. 

Table Xo. *.?, immediately following, is given to show how a few 
of the well organized schools have apportioned the time devoted to 
shopwork and drawing. 



Manual Training in the High School 



Table No. 2. 

Total number of hours devoted to drawing and to shopwork., and 
number of lessons for each topic : 



Column A gives the number 
of lessons. Column B gives the 
total number of hours. 


o 

o 

'£ ° 
mt/2 


G 

ra.BP 
Hi 


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%™ 

w op 

5 


+J 00 

fc £ 


o 

e o 

OJ3 

E.SP 
X 


— 

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o 

** DC 




A 


B 


A 


B 


A 


B 


A 


B 


A 


B 


A 

10 
10 
24 
45 

36 
72 

"45 

15 
10 


B 

120 

162 

120 
10 

162 


A 

180 
45 
20 
15 
95 
5 

180 

150 

30 

180 


B 


FIRST YEAR. 

Drawing 


90 


135 

"45 
23 
68 


36 

"6 
15 
15 


54 

9 
23 
23 


90 
24 
12 
12 
24 


135 


90 

15 
50 
15 


150 

"25 
83 
25 


3 
15 
14 


48 

"5 
23 
21 


135 
34 
15 
11 
71 
4 


Lettering.. 


30 
15 
45 




Conventional representations 


Shopwork 


90 
60 
30 


135 
90 
45 


40 
14 


81 
60 
21 


90 
45 
45 


135 
63 
62 


90 
45 
45 


150 

75 
75 


36 

3 

33 


54 

5 

49 


135 

112 

22 


Furniture problems 


SECOND YEAR. 

Drawing 

Conventional representations 


90 

"45 

15 
15 


135 

68 

23 
23 


36 

5 
31 


54 

8 
.46 


90 

47 
26 


135 


90 
45 


150 

"75 


" 6 
64 

"2 


108 

" 9 
96 

3 


135 


Working drawings 

Orthographic projections 


45 

"20 
180 
180 


34 


Isometric and oblique draw- 
ing 




30 


50 


15 




Shopwork 

Bench work and joinery 

Furniture problems 


90 


135 

68 
68 


54 
25 
29 


81 
38 
44 


90 
"90 


135 
135 


90 
"90 


150 
150 


108 

"54 

54 


162 
81 
81 

108 
108 


"54 
54 

45 
10 
45 
or 

45 


135 
135 


Turning 


45 
45 


















Pattern making and mould- 




THIRD YEAR. 

Drawing 

Intersections and develop- 
ments 


90 
30 
60 


135 

45 

"90 


36 
30 

6 


54 
45 

9 


30 
30 


90 

45 
45 


90 
30 
60 


150 
"50 
100 


72 

72 


120 


180 

90 
10 


135 

67 
8 


Higher geometric curves 

Architectural drawing 

Machine drawing 




162 

120 


180 

180 
180 




Shopwork 

Forging. ... 


90 
90 


135 
135 


54 


81 


"60 

60 


180 
90 

90 


90 
90 

90 
5 
10 
15 
60 

90 
"90 


150 
150 

150 

8 

17 

25 

100 

150 
150 


108 

100 

8 

72 

"72 

108 
108 


162 

150 

12 

108 

108 

162 
162 


108 

"5 
20 
20 
45 
or 
45 

108 


135 


Sheet metal work 

Pattern making and mould- 
ing 








Turning 






54 


81 


135 


FOURTH YEAR 

Drawing 


90 


135 


36 


54 


90 
5 
40 
20 
25 
or 
25 

~90 

"90 


135 

8 

60 

30 

37 

135 
135 


135 


Line shading 


Shade and shadows 










162 


"20 
160 




Perspective.. 
Architectural drawing 


90 


135 


36 


54 

81 
81 


15 
120 


Machine drawing... 


Shopwork 


90 
90 


135 
135 


54 
54 




Pattern making 

Machine shop practice 











10 Bulletin of the University of Texas 

EQUIPMENT 

Many factors enter into the selection of the hand tools, ma- 
chines, and furniture for the manual training laboratories. The 
course of study, the class unit, the available motive power, and 
the cost, are the important factors. 

Two types of equipment are suggested in the following list, one 
of very fine quality and elaborate enough to meet the most exact- 
ing demands, the other of medium quality and extensive enough 
to meet the demands of the small school. The equipments have 
been planned for class units small enough to make possible a high 
degree of efficiency. 

The prices given, except those marked "*." are from quotations 
made by the following firms: 

Walter Tips, Austin, Texas. 

Huey & Philp Hardware Co., Dallas, Texas. 

Behering & Cartes Hardware Co., Houston, Texas. 

Prices marked " ::: " are given by the manufacturer. All prices 
are for goods E. 0. B. point of shipment and are correct at the 
present date (1914). Prices in the first column are the lowest, 
and those in the second are the highest quoted. 

Orders for complete equipments are generally subject to special 
discounts, hence it is suggested that schools submit to these firms 
their lists of equipment for prices before ordering. 

EQUIPMENT FOE COURSES IN GROUP I. 
Minim hid Equipment for Woodwork for Class of 12. 

INDIVIDUAL TOOLS. 

12 try-squares, 7| inches. Stanley's No. 20 $ 1.60 $ 2.29 

12 two-foot rules. Stanley's No. 1, two fold 1.73 2.00 

1 2 marking gauges, Stanley's No. 65 2.99 3 . 00 

12 jack planes, 11 inches, Bailey's No. 5C, or 

Sargent's V. B. M. No. 14 19.80 22.64 

6 tanged firmer chisels. \ inch. Buck Bros.' No. 30 2.40 2.50 

6 tanged firmer chisels, 1 inch. Buck Bros.' No. 30 2 . 83 3.13 

6 cabinet saws, Disston's No. 80, 11 inches 3.75 3.88 

(I panel saws. 22 inches, 9 points, Disston's No. 8 6.35 7.15 

1? spoke shaves. Stanley's No. 51 ■. *4.72 L72 



Mu mini Training in the High School 11 

6 hickory mallets, 1x3 inches .69 .88 

6 bench dusting brushes, Bronrwell's Xo. 502, 8 

inches 1.25 1.25 

12 single work benches, No. 1, with Wilcox vise 

230S, No. 1, see page 15, estimate 114.00 111.00 

Or 6 double work benches, same structural de- 
sign as Xo. 1, estimated cost 120 . 00 120 . 00 

$193.31 $197.61 

GENERAL EQUIPMENT. 

1 steel square, Sargent's Xo. 500, A T . G. R $ 1.20 $ 1.25 

1 steel square, Sargent's Xo. 3, V. G. R *1 .00 1 .00 

1 adjustable plumb and level, 24 inches, Stan- 
ley's Xo. 30, duplex 1 .05 1.10 

2 metal T-bevel, 6 inches, Stanley's Xo. 18 65 .67 

Or Sargent's Xo. 66, $1.10. 

1 folding rule, 6 feet, Stanley's zigzag, Xo. 706 .23 .25 

1 extension dividers, 10 inches, Sargent's Xo. 51 .52 .52 

1 extension dividers, 6 inches, Sargent's Xo. 51 .39 .39 

2 socket mortise chisels, ^ inch, Buck Bros.' Xo. 

48 1.35 1.35 

2 smoothing planes, Stanley's Bed Rock, Xo. 603 3 . 00 3 . 06 

Or Sargent's Xo. 9. 

1 fore plane, 20 inches, Stanley's Xo. 129 1.08 1.15 

1 block plane, Stanley's Xo. 140 92 .94 

2 drawing knives, 6 inches, D. R. Barton's Xo. 

85 (or P.. S. W., $1.10) 1 . 80 1 . 80 

1 shingle hatchet, Plum's Xo. 591 (or Sargent's 

Xo. 201. -90c) 55 .55 

2 hand saws, 26 inches, 7 points,. Disston's Xo. 8 2.66 2.69 
1 rip saw, 28 inches, 5 points, Disston's Xo. 8. . . 1 . 50 1 .53 
1 rip saw, 26 inches, 6 points, Disston's Xo. 8. . . 1 .33 1.33 

1 compass saw, 12 inches, 12 points, Disston's 

Xo. 2 28 .28 

2 coping saws, Miller Falls Xo. 40 43 .50 

1 miter box and saw, Xew Landon, Xo. 17 6.25 6.40 

1 saw set, Monarch, Xo. 2, medium .75 .75 

1 saw clamp, Disston's Xo. 1 .63 .75 



12 Bulletin of the University of Texas 

1 ratchet brace, 8-inch sweep, Barber's No. 733, 

or Stanley's No. 921 1.35 1 . 35 

1 ratchet brace, 10-inch sweep, Barber's No. 

732A (or Stanley's No. 921, $1.50) 1.75 1.75 

9 auger bits, 3 each, ^ inch, f inch, ^ inch, 

B. Jennings 2.16 2 . 38 

4 auger bits, 2 each, f inch, f inch, B. Jennings 1.45 1.52 

2 anger bits, 1 each, f inch, 1 inch, B. Jennings .96 1.00 
6 gimlet bits, 2 each, 4/32, 5/32, 6/32, Sargent's 

double cut .41 .41 

1 Bose counter sink, Sargent's .10 .17 

1 screwdriver bit, D. B. Barton's or Buck Bros.' .15 .20 

1 expansion bit, Clark's No. 1 (or Sargent's 

No. 81, $1.00) 60 .75 

1 set nail sets, Goodell's No. 90 84 .84 

2 screwdrivers, 4 inches. Champion (or Sargent's 

No. 66, 50c) 33 .36 

1 screwdriver, 6 inches, Champion, or Sargent's 

No. 66 25 .25 

1 monkey wrench, 8 inches, S. B. & W. (or Sar- 
gent's No. 77, 25c) 42 .42 

3 adze-eye claw hammers, Maydole or Stanley's 

No. 12, 13 ounces 1.14 1.38 

4 India oil stones in iron box, No. 0, medium. . 4.40 4.40 
4 steel oilers, B. W. Mfg. Co.'s No. 304, £ pint. .40 .45 
1 pair steel bar adjustable clamps, 3 feet, Cin- 
cinnati Tool Co.'s Special Berfeetion *2.80 2.80 

3 pairs, steel spindle, Beerless, hand screws, 10 

inches, Oliver's No. 91 3 *2 . 16 2.16 

1 Stanley dowling gig, No. 59 1 . 30 1.35 

1 tool grinder, Bike Beerless Senior, No. 9 (or 

Bike Greyhound, No. 15, $9.00) 5 . 25 5 . 50 

1 kerosene glue heater, 1 quart, Oliver Model 

S. 1 . (or electric glue heater, Oliver B. J., $14) *7 .00 7 . 00 



$ 62.79 $ 64.70 



Manual Training in the High School 13 

Complete Equipment for Woodwork for Class of 12. 

INDIVIDUAL TOOLS. 

12 try-squares, 8 inches, Disston's ISTo. 15 or 

Stanley's No. 10 $ 3.25 $ 5.50 

12 two-foot rules, Stanley's No. 1, two fold. ... 1.73 2.00 

12 marking gauges, Stanley's No. 77 5.50 5.60 

12 jack planes, 14 inches, Stanley's Bed Book, 

No. G05, or Sargent's V. B. M., 14 22.80 23.40 

12 tanged firmer chisels, 4 inch, hevel hack, Buck 

Bros.' No. 30 4.40 4.40 

12 tanged firmer chisels, \ inch, bevel back, Buck 

Bros.' No. 30 4.80 5.00 

12 tanged firmer chisels, 1 inch, bevel back, 

leather tipped handle, Buck Bros.' No. 30 . . . 5 . 65 6 . 25 

12 cabinet saws, Disston's No. SO, 14 inches 7 . 50 7 . 75 

12 panel saws, 22 inches, 9 points, Disston's No. 

112 19.00 19.50 

12 sloyd knives, 2| inches, Dexter D. or H. & S. 

Co/ ' 2.16 2.40 

12 spoke shaves, Stanley's No. 54 4 . 70 4 . 70 

12 India oil stones, No. 0, in iron boxes 13.20 13.20 

12 maple bench hooks, Orr & Lockett *3 . 00 3.00 

12 adze-eye claw hammers, 7 ounces, Maydole. . 4.25 5.00 

12 lignumvitae mallets, No. 5, 3x5 inches.... 2.70 3.50 

12 bench brushes, Bromwell's No. 402, 8 inches 7.00 7.25 

12 single work benches, No. 2 (see page 16), 

estimate 192 . 00 200 . 00 

Or Grand Rapids Hand Screw Co.'s bench, 
No. 96, $202. 

$303.64 $318.45 



14 Bulletin of the University of Texas 




Work Bench No. 1. 




Work Bench No. 2. 



Manual Training in the High School 



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Manual Training in, the High School 17 

GENERAL EQUIPMENT. 

2 steel squares, Sargent's No. 500, V. G. R. . . .$ 2.40 $ 2.50 

1 steel square, Sargent's No. 3, V. G. R *1 .00 1 .00 

1 steel square, Sargent's No. 12, V. G * . 85 . 85 

1 metallic plumb and level, 24 inches, Stanley's 

No. 37G 1.19 2 . 27 

3 metal T-bevels, 6 inches, Stanley's No. 18. . . .97 1.00 
Or Sargent's No. 66, $1.65. 

1 panel gauge, 20| inches, Stanley's No. 85-J-. . . .90 .96 

1 folding rule, 6 feet, Stanley's No. 756 24 .26 

3 extension dividers, 6 inches, Sargent's No. 51 1.17 1.17 

1 extension divider. 10 inches, Sargent's No. 51 .52 .52 
3 socket mortise chisels, -\ inch, Buck Bros.' No. 

48 2.00 2.00 

3 socket mortise chisels, § inch, Buck Bros.* No. 

48 2.20 2.25 

3 socket mortise chisels, 4 inch, Buck Bros." No. 

48 " 2.50 2.50 

4 smoothing planes, Stanley's Bed Bock, No. 604, 

or Sargent's No. 9 6 . 50 6.75 

1 joiner plane, Stanley's Bed Bock, No. 607. . . 2.80 2.85 

2 block planes, Stanley's No. 140 92 .94 

1 double end block plane, Stanley's No. 130 47 . 50 

1 low angle block plane, Stanley's No. 65 .87 .95 

1 plow plane, Stanley's No. 45 5 . 50 5.85 

2 drawing knives, 6 inches, D. R. Barton's No. 85 1 .80 1 80 
1 drawing knife, 8 inches, D. R. Barton's No. 88 1.00 1.25 
1 shingle hatchet, Sargent's No. 201 *.90 .90 

Or Plumb's No. 591, 55c. 

1 cabinet scraper, Sargent's No. 25, 3x5 inches . . .20 . 20 

2 hand saws, 26 inches, 7 points, Disston's No. 8 2.66 2.69 
2 rip saws. 26 inches, 6 points, Disston's No. 8D 2.75 3.04 

1 rip saw, 28 inches, 5 points, Disston's No. 8D 1.52 1.59 

2 nests of saws, Disston's No. 3 1 . 50 1.50 

4 coping saws, Disston's No. 10 2 . 20 2.20 

2 turning saws, 18 inches, Miller Falls 1.63 1.83 

1 miter box and saw, Stanley's No. 240 7.65 7.90 

1 saw set, Monarch, No. 2, medium .75 .75 



18 Bulletin of the University of Texas 

1 saw clamp with filing guide, Disston's No. 4. . 1.05 1.05 

2 ratchet braces, 8-inch sweep, Barber's No. 

; 33 A 3 . 00 3 . 00 

Or Stanley's No. 921, $2.66. 
1 ratchet brace. 10-inch sweep, Barber's No. 732 1.60 1.60 

Or Stanley's No. 921, $1.50. 

1 set anger bits, Nos. 4 to 16, R. Jennings. ... 4.50 5.5Q 
8 gimlet bits, 2 each, 3/32, 4/32, 5/32, 6/32. 

Sargent's double cut .54 .54 

2 Bose counter sinks. Sargent's .20 .34 

1 screwdriver bit, D. B. Barton's or Buck Bros.' .15 .20 

1 expansion bit, Sargent's No. 81 *1 .00 1 .00 

1 hollow auger, Cincinnati Tool Co., No. 3.... 4.00 4.00 

1 f-inch plug cutter, Cincinnati Tool Co.'s Im- 
proved -26 .26 

2 sets nail sets, Goodell's No. 900 1.68 1 ..70 

4 copperized steel oilers, | pint .40 .45 

3 adze-eye claw hammers, 13 ounces, Maydole.. 1.38 1.38 
2 pairs steel bar adjustable clamps, 2-J- feet, Cin- 
cinnati Tool Co.'s Special Perfection *5.25 5.25 

1 pair steel bar adjustable clamps, 5 feet, Cin- 
cinnati Tool Co.'s Special Perfection *3.50 3.50 

2 screwdrivers, 4 inches, Champion or Stanley's 

No. 20 33 .36 

1 screwdriver, 6 inches. Champion or Stanley's 

No. 20 , .25 .25 

1 screwdriver, 12 inches, Champion .46 .50 

1 monkey wrench, 8 inches, P. S. & W 42 .42 

Or Sargent's No. 77, 30c. 

6 pairs steel spindle hand screws, 10 inches, Oli- 
ver's "Peerless" *4 . 32 4.32 

1 tool grinder. Pike Peerless Senior, No. 9.... 5.25 5.25 
Or Pike Greyhound, No. 15, $9.00. 

1 Stanley dowling gig, No. 59 1 .30 1 .35 

1 electric glue heater, Oliver's R. J *14.00 14.00 



$112.41 $116.99 



Manutil Training in the High School 19 

Minimum Equipment for Concrete Work, for Class of G. 

4 laborers' shovels, Ames' No. 3 $ 3.80 $ 4 . 00 

1 sand screen^ |-inch or f-ineh mesh, 2x,54. feet, 

Hill & Griffith's No. 249 " 3.00 3.00 

1 measuring box for mixture, 1 to 1-| to 3, 1-| 

by 2 feet by 10 inches, estimate .50 .'CO 

1 measuring box for mixture, 1 to 2 to 4, 

2'-0"x2'-4"xl0", estimate 60 .70 

1 mixing platform, 10x10 feet, estimate 3.00 4.00 

1 steel concrete wheelbarrow 3.00 4.50 

1 water barrel .75 1.25 

2 galvanized iron 8-quart buckets .32 .40 

2 smooth-face floats, S. & H., No. 52 1.80 2.00 

1 straight edge hoe .50 .65 



$ 17.27 $ 21.10 

Complete Equipment for Concrete Work, for Class of 6. 

4 laborers' shovels,- Ames' No. 3 $ 3.80 $ 4 . 00 

1 sand screen, 4^-inch or f-inch mesh, 2x5 A_ feet, 

Hill & Griffith's No. 249 " 3.00 3.00 

1 foundry riddle, f-inch mesh, 18 inches diam- 
eter, Hill & Griffith's No. 55 40 .45 

1 foundry riddle, ^-inch mesh, 18 inches diam- 
eter, Hill & Griffith's No. 55 40 .15 

1 foundry riddle, 3/16-inch mesh, 16 inches 

diameter, Hill & Griffiths No. 54 40 .4.5 

1 measuring box for mixture, 1 to 1^ to 3, 
1-1- by 2 feet by 10 inches, estimate .50 .60 

1 measuring box for mixture, 1 to 2 to 4, 2x2 feet 

4 inches by 10 inches .60 .70 

1 mixing platform, 10x10 feet, estimate 3.00 4.00 

2 steel concrete wheelbarrows 6 . 00 9 . 00 

1 water barrel .75 1.25 

2 galvanized iron 12-quart buckets .32 .40 

1 galvanized iron sprinkling can, 6 quarts .35 .45 

4 smooth-face floats, S. & H., No. 52 3 . 60 4.00 

2 wood floats 



1.20 


1.40 


.35 


.40 


.50 


.65 







20 Bulletin of the University of Texas 

2 molder's finishing trowels, lfx6 inches, Hill & 
Griffith's No. 802 

1 joiner, Stearns' No. 109 

1 straight edge hoe 

$ 25.17 $ 31.20 

Minimum Equipment for Forging and Sheet Metal Work, for 

Class of 6. 

3 geared blower forges, Buffalo, No. 651 $52.50 $ 54.00 

Or Champion, No. 73, $19 each. 

3 100-pound anvils, Hay-Budden or Trenton. . . 33.00 36.00 

3 forge shovels 20 .30 

3 forge pokers 20 .25 

3 forge ladles, 4 inches .75 1 . 20 

3 hardies, 14 inches .60 .65 

3 hot chisels, 14^ inches .95 1 .05 

3 ball pein hammers, 1^ or H pounds, Maydole 1.06 1.20 

3 steel squares, Nicholl's No. 10 1 . 33 1 .45 

3 pairs plain calipers, 6 inches, Sargent's .40 .50 

3 f-inch flat jaw tongs, 16 inches .60 .75 

3 |-inch flat jaw tongs, 16 inches .75 .90 

3 f-inch flat jaw tongs, 16 inches 90 1 . 00 

3 i-inch bolt tongs, 16 inches 1 . 05 1.10 

1 cross pein sledge hammer, 5 pounds .40 .45 

2 flatters, 2 inches .95 1 . 05 

2 set hammers, 14. inches .56 .60 

2 handled cold chisels, 1 : } inches .70 .75 

2 handled punches, 1 each, f inch, 4 inch .40 .50 

1 set each, top and bottom swages, f inch, 4 inch, 

a inch 2 .*) 2.40 

1 set each, top and bottom fullers, § inch, -| inch, 

finch 2.20 2.40 

1 post drill, Champion, No. 96 11 . 50 12 . 00 

1 40-pound blacksmith vise, 34-inch jaws 4.50 5.00 

6 twist drills, 4 inch, straight shank; 2 each, 

I inch, f inch, | inch 1.60 1.75 

2 center punches .20 .25 



Manual Training m the High School 21 

3 tinner's hand snips, P. S. & W., No. 64 7 . 50 8 . 00 

1 tinner's stake, P. S. & W., No. 4 .... . 8.50 9 . 00 

2 riveting hammers, P. S. & W., No. 5 70 . 80 

2 rivet sets and headers, No. 4, P. S. & W., 46. . .50 .50 

3 soldering sets, P. S. & W., No, 11 1.05 1.05 

1 tinner's fire pot, cast iron, P. S. & W., No. 1 . . 3 . 25 3 . 50 

1 heavy work bench, estimate 5.00 10.00 



$146.05 $160.30 

Complete Equipment for Forging and Sheet Metal Work, for 

Class of 6. 

5 geared blower forges, Buffalo, No. 651 $ 87.50 $ 90.00 

Or Champion, No. 405, $27.50 each. 

4 100-pound anvils, Hay-Budden or Trenton.. 44.00 48.00 

1 150-pound anvil, Hay-Budden or Trenton 16.50 18.00 

5 forge shovels .35 .50 

5 forge pokers .35 .42 

5 forge ladles 1.25 2.00 

5 hardies, 1-| inches 1 . 05 1.12 

5 hot chisels, 14. inches 1 . 54 1 . 65 

5 ball pern hammers, 14 or 14 pounds, Maydole 1.73 2.00 

5 steel squares, Nichols' No. 10 2 . 20 2 .40 

5 pairs plain calipers, 6 inches, Sargent's .67 .83 

5 tight grip tongs, No. 1 *3 . 75 3 . 75 

5 -i-inch flat jaw tongs, 16 inches 1.00 1 .25 

5 f-inch flat jaw tongs, 16 inches 1.25 1.50 

5 |-inch flat jaw tongs, 16 inches 1.25 1.50 

5 f-inch flat jaw tongs, 16 inches 1 .50 1 . 05 

3 f-inch bolt tongs 1.75 1 . 85 

5 4-inch bolt tongs 1 . 75 1 . 85 

5 leather aprons, split, A grade, 26x36 inches.. 6.25 6.25 

2 cross pein sledge hammers, 5 pounds .80 .90 

3 flatters, 2 inches 1 . 47 1 . 65 

3 set hammers, 14^ inches .84 .90 

3 handled cold chisels, 1\ inches .90 .90 

6 handled punches, 2 each, \ inch, § inch, 4 inch 2.40 3.00 



22 Bulletin of the University of Terns 

2 sets each, top and bottom swages, § inch, \ inch, 

f inch 4.40 4.80 

2 sets each, top and bottom fullers, f inch, 4 inch. 

f inch ." 4.40 4.80 

2 heading tools. \ inch 70 .80 

1 post drill, Champion, No. 44. 16 . 00 1G . 50 

1 40-pound blacksmith vise, 34-inch jaws 4.50 5.00 

2 center punches .20 . 2o 

8 straight shank twist drills, 2 each of No. 13, 

19/64 inch, 13/32 inch, \ inch 1 . 3 1 1 . 40 

4 straight shank twist drills. 2 each of 3/16 

inch, \ inch .32 .35 

1 tap wrench and set of taps and dies for \ inch, 

§ inch, -J inch, § inch, net size, O. K., 5T. . . . 7.00 7.00 

1 back saw. Miller Falls Co.'s No. 6 80 .80 

4 tinner's hand snips. P. S. & W., No. 6-| 10.00 10.65 

1 hawk's bill shears, P. S. & W., No. 15 3.00 3.00 

1 tinners stake, P. S. & W., Beakhom, No. 4. . 8.50 9.00 

1 candle mold stake, P. S. & W 2 . 25 2 . 25 

1 square stake (S. & C), P. S. & W 2.65 2.65 

3 riveting hammers, P. S. & W., No. 5 1 .05 1 . 20 

2 set hammers, P. S. & W., No. 4 50 . 50 

1 set hollow punches, one each, 4 inch. f inch. 

1 inch 1.60 1 . GO 

2 rivet sets and headers, No. 4, I\ S. & W., 

No. 46 50 .50 

6 soldering sets, P. S. & W., No. 11 2.10 2.10 

2 tinner's fire pots, cast iron, P. S. & \\\, No. 1 6.50 7.00 

1 heavy work bench, 2 feet wide, 12 feet long.. 5.00 15.00 

$265.36 $291.02 

III illinium Equipment for Mechanical Drr> win;/, for Class of 12. 

12 drawing board frames, one for each work 

bench, estimate $ 1.80 $ 3.00 

12 drawing boards, fxl0x24 inches 8.40 10.80 

12 pear wood T squares, 24 inches, K. & E., 

No. 2300 *2 . 52 2 . 52 



Manual Training in the High School 23 

12 sets drawing instruments, Frederick Post Co.'s 

No. 1084 *34.80 34.80 

Or Keuffel & Esser Co.'s Excelsior, No. 9526F, 
at $2.(35 each. 
12 transparent triangles, 45° 7", K. & E., Xylo- 
nite, No. 8802, or Frederick Post Co,'s No. 

1748 *2.48 2.48 

12 transparent triangles, 30x60° 9", K. & E., 

Xylonite, No. 8803, or Frederick Post Co.'s 

No. 1747B , *2 . 63 2.63 

12 architect's triangular boxwood scales, No. 

8881, 12 inches *3.50 3.50 

1 teacher's drawing table, Keuffel & Esser Co/s 

No. 2599C *11.90 11.90 



$ 68.03 $ 71.63 

Complete Equipment for Mechanical Drawing, for Class of 12. 

12 drawing tables, No. 4, page 24, estimate $114.00 $114.00 

Or Grand Eapicls Hand Screw Co.'s No. 206, 

D. T., $15.54 each. 
12 pear wood T squares, K. & E., No. 2310. . . 6.48 6.48 

12 sets drawing instruments, Keuffel & Esser 

Co.'s Challenger, No. 9726F, with No. 802 

and No. 804 pens *52 . 80 52 . 80 

Or Frederick Post Co.'s No. 1084, $2.90 each. 
12 transparent triangles, 45° 7", K. & E., Xylo- 
nite, or Frederick Post Co.'s X T o. 174SB *3.12 

12 tranepaient triangles, 30x60° 9," K. & E., 

Xylonite, or Frederick Post Co.'s No. 1747B. *3.12 
12 architect's triangular boxwood scales, 12 

inches, white edges, K. & E., 1621W *14.40 

4 transparent curves, K. & E., Xylonite, 1 each, 

2, 13, 24. 27 *1 . 08 

1 teacher's drawing table No. 3, page 24 20 . 00 



3 


.12 


3 


.12 


14 


.40 


1 


.08 


20, 


. 00 



$245 . 00 $245 . 00 



24 Bulletin of the University of Texas 




Teacher's Drawing- Table Xo. 3. 




Drawing Table No. 4. 



Manual Training in the High School 25 

The combined cost of the equipments listed and recommended 
for woodwork, concrete work, forging, sheet metal work, and me- 
chanical drawing, will be from $487.45 to $515.37 for the mini- 
mum equipment, and from $951.58 to $1002.66 for the maximum. 

When power is available, either a band-saw or a saw-table should 
be included in the general equipment. Either of these machines 
will enable the teacher and pupils to accomplish much more in the 
time set aside for the shopwork, for without this means of getting 
out stock too much time must be devoted to the rougher work. 
The following machines are recommended : Oliver Variety saw 
table, No. 32A, $120; Oliver band saw, No. 17, 30 inch, $120; 
Fay and Egan band saw, No. 155, $110, and No. 330 C Variety 
saw, $110. For lower priced tools the following are suggested: 
Crescent saw table, No. 2, $93.75; Crescent band saw, 32 inch, 
$78.75. 

The power required to drive either of the saw tables or either 
band saw will not exceed three horse power where no line shafting 
is used. The line shafting pulleys and belting will vary with the 
kind and location of the motor, but the cost will rarely exceed 
$25. 

Any of the following motors and gasoline engines will be found 
satisfactory: Westinghouse or General Electric Co.'s alternating 
current induction three phase motors; Wagoner Electric Co.'s or 
Century Co.'s alternating current induction single phase motors; 
Westinghouse or General Electric Co.'s direct current shunt wound 
110 or 550 volt motors; Stover Engine Work's horizontal gasoline 
engines. 

The following prices of motors and engines will serve as guides 
in completing the estimate for the complete equipment: 

Alternating Induction Motors, Complete. 

H.P. Volts. Cycle. Phase. Speed. Price. 

2 110 60 3 1700 to 1800 $55.00 

3 110 60 3 1200 71.00 

3 110 60 3 1700 to 1800 62 . 00 

3 110 60 3 1200 82.00 

5 110 60 3 1700 to 1800 72.00 



26 Bulletin of the University of Texas 

Alternating Induction Single Phase Motors. 

H.P. Volts. Cycle. Speed. Price. 

110 or 220 60 1750 $90.00 

3 110 or 220 60 1750 110 . 00 

5 110 or 220 60 1750 136 . 00 

5 110 or 220 60 1165 171.00 

5 110 or 220 60 870 208 . 00 

Direct Current Shunt Wound Motors, Complete with Slide Pads, 
Rheostat and Pulley. 

H.P. Volts. Speed. Price. 

2 110 1200 $92.00 

2 110 1700 69.00 

3 550 1350 98 . 00 

2 550 2000 ,. 73.00 

3 110 1150 113.00 

3 110 1650 95.00 

3 550 1800 98.00 

3 550 1200 120.00 

5 110 1800 113.00 

5 110 1100 140.00 

5 550 1800 125 . 00 

5 550 1200 150.00 

5 550 2000 121 . 00 

5 550 1350 145 . 00 

Prices of Gasoline Engines — Stover Horizontal Engines, 4-Cycle, 
with Water Tank and Muffler. 

4 H. P $140 . 00 

6 H. P ' 250.00 

8 H. P 300 . 00 



Manual Training In the High School 27 

EQUIPMENT FOR COURSES IN GROUP II. 

The specifications of tools when not given may be found in the 
list of equipment for Group I. 

Minim mi) Equipment for Bench Woodwork — Individual Tools for 

Class of 16. 

16 try-squares, No. 20 $ 2.15 $ 3.05 

16 two-foot rules, No. 1 2 . 30 2 . 66 

] 6 marking gauges, No. 77 3.98 4.00 

16 jackplanes, No. 5C, or V. B. M., 14 26.40 30.19 

16 tanged firmer chisels, j inch, No. 30 5.85 5.85 

16 tanged firmer chisels, -J- inch, No. 30 6.40 6.67 

16 tanged firmer chisels, 1 inch, No. 30 7.53 8.33 

16 cabinet saws, Disston's No. 80, 14 inches. . . 10.00 10.35 

16 Maple bench hooks 4.00 4.00 

3 6 bench dusting brushes, No. 502, 8 inches ... 3.34 3.34 

16 single work benches, No. 1, with Wilcox rapid 
acting vise, 230S, No. 1, and Cincinnati Tool 

Co.'s bench stop 192 . 00 192 . 00 

$263.95 $270.42 
General Equipment. 

General equipment listed for Group I $ 62.79 $ 64.70 

6 spoke shaves, No. 54 2.35 2.35 

4 metal T bevels, No. 18 1 . 29 1 . 33 

3 extension dividers, No. 51 1.17 1.17 

1 hand saw, 26 inches, 7 points, No. 8 1 . 33 1.35 

2 coping saws, No. 40 1.10 1 . J 

1" ratchet brace, 8-inch sweep, Barber's No. 733 1.35 1.35 

3 each of auger bits, | inch, -| inch, ± inch 2.16 3.38 

8 adze-eye, bell-face claw hammers, Stanley or 

Maydole, 10 ounces 3 . 20 3 . GO 

2 pairs steel bar clamps, 3 feet 5 . 60 5 . 60 

4 pairs steel spindle band screws, 10 inches.. 2.88 2.88 

$ 85.22 $ 88.81 



28 Bulletin of the University of Texas 

Complete Equipment for Bench Woodwork, for Class of 16. 

INDIVIDUAL TOOLS. 

16 each of tools listed in individual equipment 

for class of 12, Group I $404.85 $424. GO 

16 block planes, Stanley's 9^, or Sargent's V. B. 

M., 5306 11.20 12.00 

16 Champion screwdrivers, 6 inches 4.00 4.00 

16 metal T bevels, No. 18 4.00 4.00 

$424.05 $444.60 
General Equipment. 

General equipment listed for Group I $112.41 $116.99 

3 extension dividers, 6 inches 1 . 17 1.17 

3 socket mortise chisels, g inch, No. 48 2.25 2.25 

3 socket mortise chisels, \ inch, No. 48 2.50 2.50 

1 joiner plane, No. 607 2 . 80 2 . 85 

5 cabinet scrapers, 3x5 inches 1 . 00 1 . 00 

4 hand saws, 26 inch, 7 point, Disston's No. 8. . 5.32 5.38 

2 rip saws, 26 inch, 6 points, Disston's No. 8D. . 2.75 3.04 
4 each i-ineh, f-inch, 1-inch socket firmer 

gouges, Buck Bros 7 . 00 7 . 80 

2 ratchet braces, 8-inch sweep, Barber's No. 

733A 3 . 00 3 . 00 

1 set auger bits, Nos. 4 to 16 4 . 50 5.50 

2 screwdriver bits .30 .40 

4 pairs steel bar clamps, 2| feet 9 .80 9.80 

4 pairs steel spindle hand screws, 10 inches, Oli- 
ver's Peerless *2 . 88 2 .88 

8 carving sets, S. J. Addis' No. 13 *21 . 60 21 . 60 

1 wood trimmer, Oliver's 1A *35.00 35.00 

1 hand joiner, 6 inches round head, Oliver's 

144B, with guard 85 . 00 85 . 00 

1 wall tool case, estimated 40 . 00 40 . 00 



$339.28 $347.16 



Manual Training in the High School 29 

Minimum Equipment for Wood Turning, for Class of 8. 

8 Wells' manual training lathes, 12 inches by 4 

feet, on long legs and with Idler under drive . *$460 . 80 $460 . 80 
1 motor, 5 H. P., direct current 113.00 150.00 

Or 5 H. P. induction motor, $72. 
8 sets wood turner's tools, consist of 1 each, 

1-inch straight gouge, f-inch turner's gouge, 

1-ineh turner's gouge, 1-inch turner's skew 

chisel, ^-inch turner's skew chisel, f-inch 

round nosed chisel, f-inch cutting off chisel, 

Buck Bros.' or D. E. Barton's 29 . 00 32 .00 

8 steel oilers, P. W. Mfg. Co.'s No. 304, \ pint .80 .90 

8 pairs 6-inch outside calipers, Starrett's Xo. 26 3.20 4.00 

8 pairs 6-inch inside calipers, Starrett's No. 27 3.20 4.00 

8 hickory mallets, 3x5 inches .92 1.17 

8 two-foot rules. Stanley's No. 1 1.16 1 . 34 

8 bench dusting brushes, Bromwell's No. 502, 

8 inches . . . . 1.67 1.67 



$611.05 $655.88 

Complete Equipment for Wood Turning. 

8 motor drive turning lathes with A. C. motors, 

12-inch swing, 36 inches between centers, F. 

E. Well- X- Son Co.'s *$891 . 20 $891 . 20 

Or F. E. Peed Co.'s New Model. $140 each, 

or Oliver Co.'s No. 55, $138 each. 
S sets turner's tools, consisting of 1 each, 1-inch 

straight gouge, 11-inch skew chisel, 1-inch 

skew chisel, f-inch skew chisel, J-inch skew 

chisel, 14-inch turner's gouge, 1-inch turner's 

gouge, f-inch turner's gouge, f-inch nutting off 

chisel, f-inch round nosed chisel, Buck Bros.' 

or D. E. Barton Co.'s 45 . 00 50 .00 

8 pairs 6-inch outside calipers, Starrett's Xo. 26 3.20 4.00 

8 pairs 6-inch inside calipers, Starrett's No. 27 3.20 4.00 

8 hickory mallets, 3x5 inches 92 1.17 

8 two-foot rules, Stanley's No. 1 1.16 1 . 34 



30 Bulletin of the University of Texas 

8 bench dusting brushes, Bromwell's No. 502, 

8 inches 1 • ( ; *> 1 • 67 

8 steel oilers, P. W. Mfg. Co.'s No. 304, \ pint .80 .90 

$946.65 $954.28 

Minimum Equipment for Sheet Metal, Forging, and Machine 

Shopwork for a Class of 12. 

Equipment listed for "Shoot Metal and Forging, 

Group I" $265 . 36 $291 . 02 

6 sets, individual tools, Starrett's No. 900 or 

No. 901 27.00 2) .90 

1 swivel vise. 4-inch or 4|-inch jaws. Athol Ma- 
chine Co.'s No. 710. or Eeed Mfg. Co.'s No. 

204-i 7 . 50 8 . 00 

2 stationary base vises, 3|-inch jaw, Athol Ma- 
chine Co.'s No. 711 10.68 10.68 

Or Eeed Mfg. Co.'s No. 1034, $4.50 each. 

3 ball pein hammers, 14. pounds, Maydole or 

Stanley 1 . 06 1 . 20 

1 Starrett's No. 202 micrometer 4. 13 4.50 

1 Starrett's No. 1. screw pitch gauge .94 1 .00 

1 Starrett's No. 155, screw pitch gauge 1.13 1.25 

1 Starrett's !STo. 52, surface gauge 1.50 1.75 

1 Starrett's No. 106 speed indicator 1 .13 1.25 

Material for work bench to he made by pupils . . 10.00 15.00 
1 engine lathe, 12 inches by 5 feet, with com- 
pound rest and spindle, with Morse taper, 

Eeed Prentice Co.'s *290 . 00 290 . 00 

Or Champion Co.'s. 
1 drill press, Eockford, 14 inches, power feed, 

fitted with No. 2 Morse taper sleeve *57.00 57.00 

1 crank shaper, 16 inches, Stockbridge, single 

geared *325 . 00 325 .00 

Or Eockford, 14 inches. 

1 Detroit, No. 3, emery grinder 3? . 25 38 . 35 

1 power hack saw. Miller Falls, No. 89 18.44 19.50 

t breast drill and chain chuck. Miller Falls. No. 

25 2.0(1 3.00 



Manual Training in the High School 31 

1 5-H. P. A. C. -motor, 3 phase or single phase *72.00 136.00 

Pulleys, belting, etc 50 . 00 75 .00 

1 Westcott's 10|-inch independent lathe chuck, 

with four jaws, with face plate casting *14.80 14.80 

1 Westcott's 8-inch geared combination lathe 

chuck, three jaws, with face plate casting. ... 16.10 16.10 
1 Little Giant drill chuck, No. 1, fitted to lathe 

spindle 6.65 6 . 65 

1 set of Armstrong lathe tools, consisting of 1 

each, straight shank No. IS, boring tool, No. 

9, with bushing and ^-inch bar. Drill holder 

No. 2. Cut-off, No. 31E. Right hand side 

tool, No. 71R , 8.60 8.60 

] Armstrong planer tool, No. 401 *2.45 2.45 

In addition io the above equipment, a large number of small 
special tools will be needed, but these should be selected by the 
teacher with special reference to the exercises and projects planned. 
These small tools will cost from $25 to $50, making the total for 
the complete equipment from $1256.32 to $1405.50. 

Minimum Equipment for Mechanical Drawing, for Class of 16. 

16 drawing board frames $ 2 . 40 $ 4 . 00 

16 drawing boards 11 .20 14.10 

1 teacher's drawing table 11 • 90 11.90 



$ 25.50 $ 30.30 

Complete Equipment for Mechanical Drawing for Class of 16. 

1 6 drawing tables, No. 4 $192 . 00 $192 . 00 

48 drawing boards 33.60 43.20 

1 teacher's drawing table 20 . 00 20 . 00 

1 cabinet for materia] and for students' drawings 15.00 15.00 



$260.60 $282.20 

Pupils should furnish their own drawing instruments. 

The combined cost of the equipment recommended for wood- 
work, turning, sheet metal, forging, machine shopwork, and me- 
chanical drawing for schools in Group II will be from $2241 to 



32 Bulletin of the University of Texas 

$245'0.90 for the minimum and from $3186.90 to $3433.75 for 
liic maximum. 

EQUIPMENT FOE THE MODERN MANUAL TRAINING 
HIGH SCHOOL. 

The selection of a complete equipment for the large city high 
school and the perfecting of plans for the proper installment of this 
equipment constitute a complicated engineering problem. This 
problem can be successfully solved only by an expert who is familiar 
with every factor that might affect the manual training depart- 
ment. The plan of the building, details of construction of the 
building, general organization of the school, course of study, and 
the size and schedule of proposed classes must be considered 
minutely. 

As almost all of the Large city high schools have fairly good 
equipment for shopwork and mechanical drawing, or have com- 
petent supervisors who can plan all changes and additions needed, no 
special list of equipment for these schools is given in this bulletin. 
The list of equipment given for "Group IP should be sufficient 
to guide any school just starting a manual training department. 
However, the University, through its visitor of schools, is ready 
at all times to assist any school dealing with this problem. 

LOCATION AND PLAN OF SHOPS. 

The efficiency of the manual training department of any school 
depends to a great extent upon the location of the laboratories in 
relation to other departments. If the shop is located so as to cause 
the noise incident to hand-tool and machine operations to disturb 
classes engaged in recitations, trouble is sure to arise, and some 
of the operations will have to he postponed until after school. 

The shape, size and character of the room are very important 
factors in the success or failure of the work. Toor arrangement 
of equipment, poor Light, poor ventilation, and lack of working 
-pace for each pupil are the causes of the had results found in 
many schools. 

Where rooms in an old building must he u^v<\ it is often very 
difficult to select the ones best suited to the needs of the manual 



Manual Training in the High School 33 

training work. A consideration of the following requirements, 
however, will aid in the proper selection of rooms and in planning 
a satisfactory installation of the equipment. 

Location. — Machinery should he installed on the ground floor. 
This is necessary, generally, in order to have firm foundations for 
machines. If overhanging shafting is to he used and the huilding 
is of frame construction the shop should not he under a classroom. 
The vibration would be intolerable in the classroom. Partitions 
and floors between shops and classrooms should be thoroughly dead- 
ened to prevent the transmission of sound. Washrooms should be 
near the shops, otherwise each shop should lie provided with one 
or more wash basins conveniently located within the shop. The 
drawing room should he Located near the woodworking shop, hut 
need not be on the same floor. 

Lighting. — Abundant light is very essential for shopwork and 
for mechanical drawing. Exact mechanical work, such as sawing 
or cutting to knife lines, if attempted under any but the best- 
lighting conditions, is sure to result in poor work and badly strained 
eyes. It would be far better to use a poorly lighted room for 
Latin, or geometry classes than for pupils trying any form of fine 
mechanical operations. The light should come from in front of, 
and to the left, of the worker. If artificial light must be used, a 
drop light should he placed above the back left hand corner of 
each bench, as well as over every other station occupied by the 
workers. Windows should extend up close to the ceiling. North 
Light is especially desirable for the class in mechanical drawing. 

Ventilation. — The shops should lie well ventilated, as an abun- 
dance of fresh air is necessary to pupils engaged in vigorous exer- 
cise of mind and body. The working positions bring the pupils 
in close contai 1 with much finely divided dust, coming from the 
material worked upon. II is important to eliminate this dust as 
quickly as possible by a good circulation of fresh air. 

The shop should have good heating facilities, so that the tem- 
perature can be controlled without interfering with the proper ven- 
tilation. Moisl warm air should not lie admitted into a cold room 
where tools and machinery are kept, as the cold metal will become 
covered with moisture, which will cause the rusting of the iron 
and steel parts. 

Basements with floors that arc more than two feet below the 



34 



Bulletin of the University of Texas 



surface of the school ground should not he used for shops, as such 
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The above plan shows a satisfactory arrangement of equipment 
for bench woodwork and mechanical drawing. The plan contem- 
plates the use of twelve (B) No. 1 or No. 2 single benches, pro- 
vided with drawing board frames to fit top of the benches; twelve 
(C) tablet arm chairs, one (A) teacher's drawing table, two (D) 
drawing board cabinets, one (F) saw table or hand saw, one (I) 
tool case, one (Gr) glue and paint table, and two (J) lumber racks. 

Floors. — AH shops except the forge shop and the foundry should 
have wooden floors. Such floors are far more comfortable than 
are concrete or brick floors, and cause less damage to tools thai 
may fall upon the floor. 



Manual Train in;/ in the High School 35 

Space. — The amount and the shape of the floor space required 
for each laboratory and auxiliary room will depend upon the size 
of the class, the type of equipment, and the kind of work to be done. 

Eighteen by twenty-six feet. 22x22 feet, or 10x30 feet are dimen- 
sions of rooms suitable for shops for bench woodwork and me- 
chanical drawing for a class of twelve pupils. These small rooms 
would not afford sufficient demonstration space, or space fbr ma- 
chinery: 26x32 or 25x34 feet are dimensions of rooms suitable for 
bench woodwork and mechanical drawing, and provide space for 
demonstration and for a hand saw or a table saw. 

A room 24x38 feet, with windows on two sides and on one end, 
would afford excellent space and good arrangement for a class of 
twelve pupils in bench woodwork, mechanical drawing, carpentry, 
furniture making, and concrete work. It would also provide ample 
space for demonstrations and for a hand saw or table saw; 20x25 
or 15x36 feet are dimensions suitable for a drawing room to accom- 
modate a class of twelve. 

A study of the lay-out shown in the plan on page 34 will give 
other detailed information, such as the spacing of equipment, 
needed in planning a shop for any size class. 

DETAILED OUTLINES OF SHOPWORK. 

The problems and the arrangement of the work given in the 
following outlines are merely suggestive. They may be altered 
by the teacher to meet local conditions and individual needs. The 
purpose has been to outline courses containing the fundamental 
elements and processes essential to every good course in shopwork. 
These courses are sufficiently organized to enable the trained teacher 
to secure definite, desirable results. The instruction and execution 
of the work should awaken and hold the interest of the pupil and 
cause him to acquire the following: 

(a) Skill in the correct practical use of tools and machines. 

(b) Knowledge of materials used; of tools and machines, their 
design, development, and use in the industries; of mechanical 
processes, principal operations, arrangement of operations, time 
required; of principles of decorative and structural design. 

(c) Ability to read and make working drawings. 

(d) Power of mechanical analysis. 

(e) Increase in initiative and inventive ability. 



3G Bulletin of the University of Texas 

(f) Habits of neatness, accuracy, and industry. 

(g) Right appreciation of labor and of the works of indus- 
trial art. 

GROUP SYSTEM. 

The arrangement of the course with a number of similar prob- 
lems in each group, enables the teacher to give class instruction 
planned for in advance of the current lesson. This makes it pos- 
sible to give better prepared demonstrations, and avoids the need- 
less repetition so common to other systems. The apt pupil will 
complete two or more problems of the group while the slow pupil 
may complete but one before the uexl class of work or group is 
taken up by the class. Of course, any problem not finished when 
the new group is taken up should be completed by the pupil before 
he starts a problem in the new group. It is important, however, 
that the instruction be applied, to some extent, soon after it is 
given: and the teacher should see that each pupil not ready to start 
a new model completes a small exercise before again proceeding 
with, the old model. By the careful use of exercises and selection 
of problems, the class can lie kept (dose together. 

STJBJECT-MATTEB AX1) RELATED [^FORMATION. 

In the outlines of shopwork the study of tools, processes, and 
principles -if construction is clearly indicated. The pupil is con- 
cerned with this subject-matter at once. He recognizes it as a 
means to his immediate end <d' making some model. There is 
much other useful knowledge closely related to or suggested by the 
problems undertaken by the pupil. Although not necessary to the 
immediate success of the work, this related matter is important 
educationally and can lie woven into the course by a, proper treat- 
ment of the problems and lessons. 

SUPPLEMENTAL WORK. 

As the amount of work that can he done by the pupil 
during the regular shop period is very small, the models 
must, as a rule, he small or \'c\v in number. It is doubtful 
if more than two double periods of the regular school day can be 
justly devoted to manual training each day; hut as the pupils are 
generally anxious for more time in the shop, the school should 



Manual Training in the High School 37 

provide for the use of the shop after school hours and on a part 
of Saturday, thus enabling the pupils to undertake larger projects. 
Such shopwork and drawing done after school or any handtool 
work done at home, if done entirely by the pupil and under the 
direction of the teacher, should give the pupil credit towards high 
school graduation. The granting of one or one-half unit of credit 
towards graduation would, no doubt, encourage a kind of after 
school work of great educational and practical value. The design, 
the working drawing, and the plan of work, should be approved 
by the teacher if the work is to be presented for credit. 

As a rule, the model or work undertaken, should fit in with the 
group of work, in the outline, which the pupil is dealing with in 
the regular shop period, or else should fit in with one of the groups 
just below. In case the project as a whole does not fit in with 
the group, then any parts of the project that may fit in with the 
group could be selected as the basis of credit. 

The pupil should be required to keep an accurate record of the 
time devoted to the model or work, and should report the progress 
of the work from time to time. An inspection of the work should 
be provided for, and great care should be exercised in establishing 
the worth of any piece of work. In doing this, not only the fin- 
ished project, but the tools used and all conditions affecting the 
pupil's efforts, should be considered. 

WOODWORK. 

(A) Bench Work. (See note at bottom of this page.) 

(1) Laying out with rule, pencil and try-square; cross- 

cut sawing; fastening with nails. 

New Tools — Rule, try-square, cross-cut saw, ham- 
mer. 

Problems — Flower pot bench, dry plate rack, seed 
germinating box, test exercise. 

(2) Surfacing with plane, gauging, rip sawiDg. 

New Tools — Smoothing plane or jack plane, mark- 
ing gauge, rip saw. 

Problems — Flower trellis, cover for poultry drink- 
ing or feed trough. 

(3) Squaring up stock, sawing to knife lines, chamfer- 

ing with plane and chisel, boring, sand papering. 



38 Bulletin of the University of Texas 

New Tools — Knife, back saw. chisel, brace and bit, 

sand paper. 
Problems — Hat rack, rule, octagonal paper file, table 

mat, specimens of wood. 

(4) Paring with chisel — chiseling out dado, vertical cur- 

ling, cutting round corners, planing end of stock 
with block plane, fastening with screws. 

New Tools — Block plane, countersink, screwdriver. 

Problems — Tool rack, bench hook, magazine rack. 

(5) Sawing and modeling simple curved outlines. 
New Tools — Coping saw, turning saw r , spoke shave,. 

file. 

Problems — Oval table mat. bread board, coat hanger. 

Note.— Where woodwork is taught in the grammar grades, the 

high school work should be started with the work outlined under 

Advanced Bench Work, and should include more of the advanced 

work. 

(6) Modeling simple curved forms. 
New Tools — Drawing knife. 

Problenu?— Hatchet handle, hammer handle, spoke 
shave or scraper stock, canoe paddle. 
(?) Gouging, line carving, tinted designs. 

New Tools— r-Outside ground gouges, scrapers, vein- 
ing tools. 

Problems — Pen tray, desk tray, bread tray, book 
rack. 

(8) Low relief carving. 

New Tools — Carvers' gouges and chisels, back- 
ground tools. 

Problems — Blotter holder, paper file, ends of book 
rack. 

(9) Rabbeting with rabbet plane, laying out for accu- 

racy by superposition, half lap .joint. 
New Tools — Rabbet plane, cabinet scraper. 
Problems — Exercise, picture Frame, mirror frame. 

(B) Advanced Bench Work. 

(1) Box construction with accurately fitted butt, rabbet,, 
and dado joints; fastening with brads and glue. 



Manna/ Training in the High School 39 

New Tools — Nail set, hand screws. 

Problems — Stationery box. card catalogue case, half 

peck and peck measure, egg tester, knife and 

fork box. 

(2) Mortise and tenon joints — slip mortise and tenon, 

through mortise and tenon, blind mortise and 
tenon, and keyed mortise and tenon. 

New Tools — Mortise gauge, mortise chisel. 

Problems — Exercises. 

(3) Glued joints — butt, splined, and doweled. 
Xew Tools — Plow, winding sticks. 
Problems — Level stock, T square. 

(4) Miter joints — butt and splined. 
New tools — Miter box, frame clamp. 

Problems — Exercise required. Picture or mirror 
frame, glove box, clock case, tray. 

(5) Dove-tail joints — single halving, through multiple, 

and lap multiple, veneering, inlaying, hinge set- 
ting. 

New Tools — Fret saw and frame, veneer press or 
clamps. 

Problems — Exercises, glove box, jewel box, tea 
caddie, tea tray. 

(C) Furniture and Cabinet Construction. 

(1) Review of principles and processes given in (A). 
Problems — Taboret with glued up top, mortise and 

tenon construction; combination footstool and 
shoe polish box, magazine stand. 

(2) Board construction, art metal trimmings. 
New Tools — Power jointer, saw table. 

Problems — Music cabinet, cedar chest, settee with 
hinged top. 

(3) Framed structures, fume and wax finish. 
Xew Tools — Band saw. 

Problems — Dining chair, Morris chair, arm rocker. 

(4) Panel structures, drawer and drawer mechanism. 
Problems — Small cabinet, desk. 



40 Bulletin of the University of Texas 

(D) Carpentry. 

(1) Forms for concrete work, (See Concrete Con- 

struction.) 
Problems — Fence post, pier, foundation wall, feed 
or drinking trough, stile block, pedestal, flower 
box, garden seat. 

(2) Elements of frame buildings. 

(a) Framing. 

Problems — Model of corner of house embrac- 
ing sills, joists, bridging, corner post, studs 
and openings; model of corner embracing 
standard methods of enclosing and floor- 
ing; model of hip roof embracing sheath- 
ing and shingles. 

(b) Inside trim. 

Problems — Model corner of room embracing 
flooring, base, window, door, and wainscot. 

(E) Stair Construction. 

Problems — Model of plain straight stair embracing newel, 
hand rail and balusters. 



Manual Training in the High School 



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40 Bulletin of the University of Texas 

CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION. 

(1) Crushing, sifting and washing material. 

Tools Used — Heavy hammer, shovels, screens, trough. 
Problem — Selection and preparation of aggregates. 

(2) Mixing and placing concrete. 

New Tools — Measuring boxes, sprinkler, mixing platform, 

tamper, spade. 
Problems — Foundation block, fence posts, drain tile. 

(3) Finishing with wooden float and trowel. 

New Tools — Straight-edge or templet, float, trowel. 
Problems — Square or hexagonal tile, section of walk, stile 
block, chimney cap. 

(4) Casting hollow forms in wooden molds. Eeinforcing. 

Problems — Flower boxes, drinking and feed troughs, build- 
ing blocks. 

(5) Plaster molds for simple straight line and curved forms. 

Problems — Flower boxes, vases. 



Manual Training in the High School 



47 



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48 Bulletin of the University of Texas 

WOOD TURNING. 

Experiments recently made in several high schools show that 
the traditional wood turning course, while logically and well 
planned as to subject-matter, violates some of the principles of 
good teaching. The two principles, that work should proceed from 
the simple to the complex, and should proceed from the easy to the 
more difficult, are the principles violated. The experiments show 
that much of the face-plate work is less difficult than any of the 
spindle work, and the processes involved are simpler. The fol- 
lowing course, therefore, places the simple face-plate work first. 
This arrangement has the added advantages of permitting some 
useful models to he made early in the course, and of not requiring 
the exercises that demand great skill until after the pupil lias 
become familiar with the principle of tbe turning lathe and with 
the tools to be used. 

(A) Simple Face-plate Turning. 

(1) Producing cylindrical and plane surfaces, V grooves; 

use of center screw. 
New Tools — Large skew chisel, round nose chisel, 

outside calipers. 
Problems- — Exercise, coffee pot or flower pot stand, 

candlestick base. 

(2) Turning low forms having profiles with curved out- 

lines; use of face-plate screws-; polishing with 

boiled oil or with wax. 
New Tools — Inside calipers, templets. 
Problems — Exercises, desk trays. 

(B) Spindle Turning. 

(1) Turning plain cjdinders — single and in combina- 

tions. 
New Tools — Plain gouge, turner's gouge, cut-off 

tool. 
Problems — Exercise, towel roller, beam for marking 

gauge. 

(2) Turning tapers and V grooves. 

Problems — Exercise, molder's gate pins, dibble, 
mandrels. 



Manual Training in the High School 



49 



(3) Convex and bead cuts. 
Problems — Exercises. 

(4) Concave cuts. 
Problems — Exercises. 

(5) Concave and convex cuts with gouge, polishing. 
Problems — Exercises, chisel handles, candlesticks, 

Indian clubs, drawing forms, gavel heads. 

(C) Advanced Face-plate Work. 

(1) Use of cup chuck. 

New Tools — Inside calipers. 

Problems — Picture frame, towel ring, paper weight. 

(2) Boring, finishing on mandrel between centers or on 

pin chuck. 
Problems — Napkin rings, rope pulley. 

(3) Turning boxes and covers. 
Problems — Jewel box. collar box. 

SUGGESTIVE TREATMENT OF PROBLEMS. 

An even grained soft or hard wood may be used for the exer- 
cises. Some suitable hardwood or built up stock should be used 
for the other problems. All exercises suggested for spindle turn- 
ing should be required. 



PROBLEMS. 



(1) and (2) 



(b) 

(1), (2), (3) 

and (4) 



DRAWING AND DESIGN. 



Full size working drawings 
given to work from. 

Note-book sketches of simi- 
lar models applying princi- 
ples of design to turned 
forms. 



Working drawings made by 
pupil from models. 

Collection by class of illus- 
trations of forms of revo- 
lution showing good de- 
sign. 



RELATED TOPICS FOR CLASS 

DISCUSSION OR FOR 

HOME WORK. 



History and development of 

the turning lathe. 
How to figure speeds and 

sizes of pulleys. 
Lacing belts. 



The use of wood turning in 
pattern making, furniture 
making, and in mill work. 



50 



Bulletin of the University of Texas 



PROBLEMS. 



(5) 



(c) 
(1) and (2) 



(3) 



DRAWING AND DESIGN. 



Original designs and work- 
ing drawings made by 
pupil from statement of 
requirements. 



Working drawings given to 
work from. 



Original designs and work- 
ing drawings made by 
pupil. 

Other designs collected by 
pupil. 



RELATED TOPICS FOR CLASS 

DISCUSSION OR FOR 

HOME WORK. 



Different designs of turning 

lathes. 
Lathes for special purposes, 

as for turning handles, 

gun stocks, etc. 



Different methods of driving 

lathes. 
Variety lathe. 
Use of waste lumber. 

Observations concerning 
wood turning in the local 
industries visited. 

Methods used, kind and 
quality of work turned out, 
amount of work done by 
an experienced man. 

Cost of wood turning. 



SHEET METAL WORK. 

(1) Laying out pattern, cutting, punching, bending. 

New Tools — Square, scriber, dividers, punch, snips. 
Problems — Match safe, box corners. 

(2) Pattern drafting, riveting. 

New Tools — Tinner's stake, rivei set, rivet hammer. 
Problems — Flue thimble, taper pipe joint with side open- 
ing for square pipe. 

(3) Soldering. 

New Tools — Soldering iron, furnace or fire pot. 
Problem — Cake cutters, dus! trays, boxes. 

(4) Turning edges — burs, seams, wired edges. 

New Tools— Mallet. Hat stake, round stake. 
Problems — Funnel, measuring cup, square cake-pan. 

(5) Brazing. 

New Tools — Blow torch, tongs. 
Problems — Sheet iron ferrule. 



Manual Training in the High School 51 

ART METAL WORK ( COPPER AND BRASS). 

(A) Flat Work. 

(1) Laying out. drilling, cutting, and sawing outline. 
New Tools — Hand drill, snips, jeweler's saw file. 
Problems — Escutcheons, hinge tails, watch fob. 

( 2 ) Bending, folding. 

New Tools — Mallet, vise, hammer. 
Problem — Pad corners, box corners, hinges. 

(3) Soldering. 

New Tools — Soldering iron, blow pipe. 
Problems — Match safe, toothpick holder, stamp box, 
picture frame. 

(4) Eiveting. 

New Tools — Rivet set. 

Problem — Lamp shade, sconce, book rack. 

(B) Baised Forms. 

(1) Shallow forms. 

New Tools — Wooden blocks, sand bag, special stakes, 
raising and planishing hammers. 

Problems — Desk trays, reflector for sconce (A) (4), 
top of box. 

(2) Deep forms. 

New Tools — Special stakes. 
Problems — Small bowls. 

(C) Decorative Treatment of Surface of Models in (A) and (B). 

( 1 ) Polishing. 

(a) By hand. 

(b) Cloth or felt buffing wheel. 

( 2 ) Hammering. 

(3) Etching. 

(4) Embossing. 

(5) Coloring. 

(a) With sulphur. 

(b) With ammonia. 

(c) Copper plating on brass. 

(d) Silver solution. 



52 Bull din of the University of Texas 

PATTERN MAKING. 

The prerequisites to this course are bench woodwork and wood 
turning. The work in elemental'}' pattern making, therefore, 
should consist of well chosen exercises planned to illustrate the 
requirements of patterns, principles of construction, and methods 
of molding. After these exercises are completed and after some 
knowledge of molding is gained, patterns for projects to be fin- 
ished in the machine shop should be required. 

(A) Elementary Pattern Making. 

(1) Draft and shrinkage. 

Problems — Straight line simple ribbed pattern, slot- 
ted block. 

(2) Double shrinkage and finish allowance. 
Problems — One-piece pattern for cone pulley, face 

plate. 

(3) Simple split pattern with core prints, core box. 
Problem — Flanged pipe fitting. 

(4) Pattern requiring three-part mold. 
Problem — Double flanged pulley. 

(5) Match board pattern. 
Problem — Ring, letters. 

(6) Loose piece pattern. 

Problem — Square column with projections. 

(B) Advanced Pattern Making. 

(1) Patterns for castings of small parts of machines 

(machine shop projects). 

(2) Patterns for large or complicated castings for ma- 

chines (machine shop projects), 

MOLDING AND FOUNDRY PRACTICE. 

It is necessary that this work be very closely correlated with the 
pattern making, as each is dependent upon the other. Molds 
should be made of all completed patterns soon after the finishing 
coats are dry, in order to test the patterns. 

(A) Molding. 

(1) Molds in half of two-part flash. 

Problems — Slotted block, face plate. 



Manual Training in the High School 53 

(2) Coping out drag. 
Problems — King, wrench. 

(3) Core making, use of cores. 
Problems — Flanged pipe fitting. 

(4) Three-part mold. 

Problem — Double flanged pulley. 

(5) Use of match board. 

Problem — Pattern making problem (5). 

(6) Molds of patterns having loose parts. 
Problems — Pattern making problem (6). 

(7) Making molds by use of sweeps. 

Problems — Large ring of square cross section. 

(8) Molding machine shop projects. 

(B) Foundry Practice. 

( 1 ) Eepairing and preparation of furnace and ladles. 

(2) Charging of furnace. 

(3) Drying molds. 

(4) Core baking. 

(5) Drawing off metal, pouring. 

(6) Cleaning castings by hand. 

(7) Use of tumbling barrels. 

(8) Grinding castings. 

In addition to pattern making exercises and foundry practice, 
there should be discussions, assigned readings, and written reports, 
on such related subjects as iron ore, preparation of ores; smelting — 
the reduction or blast furnace, fuels, fluxes, blasts, furnace designs ; 
classification of iron — pig iron, Bessemer iron, basic iron; refining 
of pig iron; steel — crucible steel, open hearth steel, Bessemer 
steel; effect of silicon, sulphur, phosphorus, carbon, etc., on cast 
iron; methods of making malleable and chilled castings, steel cast- 
ings, brass castings; machine molding. Commercial pattern shops 
and foundries should be visited, and the observations made should 
be discussed in class. 

OUTLINE OF FOEGE WORK. 

(1) Drawing out, squaring with hammer. 

New Tools — Forge, anvil, tongs, hammer, Hardy. 
Problems — Exercises in lead or in iron. 



54 Bulletin of the University of Texas 

(2) Drawing out round, swaging. 

New Tools — Swage, sledge hammer. 
Problems — Exercises. 

(3) Pointing and bending. 

New Tools — Horn of anvil. 

Problem — Exercise, staple, meat hook. 

(4) Twisting and bending, cutting stock. 

Xew Tools — Blacksmith vise, cold chisel. 
Problem — Gate hook, poker. 

(5) Fullering, punching. 

New Tools — Fuller, punch. 
Problems — Eye bolt, hasp. 

(6) Drilling, riveting, brazing. 

New Tools — Center punch, drill and drilling machine, 

rivet set. 
Problems — Exercise, ornamental bracket. 

(7) Upsetting, forming. 

New Tools — Heading tool. 

Problem — Square bolt, hexagonal bolt. 

(8) Splitting. 

New Tools — Hot chisel. 

Problems — Oar lock, ice hatchet, fork. 

(9) Welding — Lap weld. 

Problems — Exercise, ring, chain. 

(10) Welding— Cleft weld. 

Problem — Exercise. 

(11) Case hardening. 

Problems — Bolt head, any small forging. 

(12) Tool forging. 

Problems — Punch, cold chisel, lathe tools. 

(13) Hardening and tempering. 

Problems — Metal working tools, woodworking tools, bush- 
ings, drills. 

(14) Eeview of processes in order to increase skill. 

Problems — Forge tongs, carpenter's pinchers, draw-knife, 
ornamental projects. 

(15) Repair of forge shop tools. 



Manual Training in the High School 55 

In addition to the necessary class instruction and demonstrations 
dealing with tools, operations, processes, etc. 'there should be shop 
talks on related subjects. These talks should be supplemented by 
assigned reading. Visits to local iron working industries should 
also be arranged, and the observations made should be discussed 
in class or should be written in the note-book. The subjects of 
shop talks should include the manufacture of iron and steel, the 
use of iron and steel in the industries, commercial methods of pro- 
ducing forcings in large numbers, decorative design applied to 
wrought iron. 

MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE. 

As it is not practicable to equip the machine shop with individual 
equipment of machine tools, the work cannot be arranged in the 
same way that any of the other shop work is. Proper sequence, 
from an educational point of view, as to operations and processes, 
can be followed only to a limited extent. Well planned exercises 
afford the most efficient means of giving the pupil a working 
knowledge of the tools, machines, and operations and processes used 
in general machine shop work. As soon as the pupils understand 
the operation of all machines and have developed sufficient skill, 
through the exercises, to do the work with reasonable speed and 
accuracy, project^ should take the place of exercises. Better re- 
sults can generally be obtained by the use of the group project 
instead of the class project. This is because the teacher can easily 
adapt the work to a small group of pupils who have been carefully 
selected from the class. 

(a: 



mch 


Work. 




(1) 


Chipping, 

Filing, 

Scraping. 

Key seat exercise. 

Cast iron exercise. 


• 


(2) 


Fitting. 




(3) 


Assembling. 




(4) 


F~se of taps and dies.- 


— Exercise, 



56 Bulletin of the University of Texas 

(B) Drilling and Boring. 

(1) Laying ont work, 
Drilling within circle, 
Guiding drill, 
Countersinking and counterboring. j 

(2) Special drills, special uses of drill press. — Demon- 

stration. 

(3) Methods of clamping work in drill press. — Demon- 

stration. 

(C) Lathe Work. 

(1) Plain cylindrical turning, ^ 

Taper turning, V Exercises. 

Eccentric turning. J 

(2) Thread cutting. — Exercises. 

(3) Face plate, ^ 

Angle plate, and chuck work, V Exercises. 
Boring. J 

(-1) Mandril work. 

(5) .Boring bar, use of steady rest, follower rest. 

(6) Running, shrinking, and pressing fit. — Exercise 

may be part of 1 or 3. 

((D) Shaper Work. 

(1) Clamping and chucking work. — Demonstration. 
(.2) Plane surfaces at various angles. — Exercise. 

(3) Cutting key ways. — Exercise. 

(4) Special shaper work. — Demonstration. 

<E) Planer Work. 

( 1 ) Clamping and chucking work, ) 
Plane surfaces and slotting. j 

(2) Planing curved surfaces, } 

Planing dove-tail ways, I Demonstrations. 
Special planer work. \ 

(F) Machine Grinding. 

(1) Surface grinding, ] 

Selection of grinding wheels, v Exercises. 

Wet and drv grinding. \ 



Manual Training in the High School 57 

(2) External and internal grinding. — Exercise. 

(3) Tool grinding. 

(G) Milling Machine Work. 

( 1 ) Cutting speeds and feeds. ] Demonstra- 
Meth'ods of holding cutters and work, v tionsand 
Principal milling operations. J Exercises. 

(2) Indexing, | 

Special work, f Exercises. 

(3) Spur gear calculations, ) 

Spur gear cutting. j Exercises. 

(4) Bevel sears, ] 

Spur gears, f Demonstrations. 

purchaser's finding list of firms supplying equipment and 

supplies. 

Abrasive Wheels ant] Materials. 

Chicago Wheel and Mfg. Co., 47 W. Randolph St., Chicago. 

Pike Mfg. Co.; Pike, K H. 

The Carborundum Co., Niagara Falls, \. Y. 

Artist's and Draftsman's Materials. 
Chandler & Barber, Boston, Mass. 
Dallas Blue Print Co., Dallas, Texas. 
Frederick Post Co., Chicago, 111. 
Keuffel & Esser Co., Hoboken, iST. J., and St. Louis, Mo. 

Belting. 

Briggs-Weaver Machinery Co., Dallas, Texas. 
Walter Tips, Austin, Texas. 

Benches. 

Grand Rapids Hand Screw Co.. Grand Rapids, Mich. 
E. H. Sheldon & Co., Muskegon, Mich. 
Oak Cliff Planing Mill and Mfg. Co., Dallas, Texas. 
Oliver Machinery Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. 

Blacksmith's Tools. 

Huey & Philp Hardware Co., Dallas. Texas. 
Orr & Lockett Hardware Co., Chicago, 111. 
Walter Tips, Austin, Texas. 



58 Bulletin of the University of Texas 

Blowers. 

American Gas Furnace Co., New York, N. Y. 

Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 

B. F. Sturtevant Co.. Hyde Park, Mass. 

Blue Print Paper. 

Dallas Blue Print Co.. Dallas, Texas. 
Keuffel & Esser Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

Cabinet Hardware. 

Behering & Cartes, Houston, Texas. 
Francis Keil & Son. E. 163d St., New York, N. Y. 
Grand Rapids Brass Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. 
Huey & Philp Hardware Co., Dallas, Texas. 
Walter Tips, Austin, Texas. 

Career's Tools. 

Hammacher & Schlemmer Co., New York, N. Y. 
Mack & Co., Rochester, N. Y. 
Miller Falls Co., Miller Falls, Mass. 

Clamps. 

Cincinnati Tool Co., Norwood Station, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Oliver Machinery Co.. Grand Rapids, Mich. 

Copper Working Tools. 

Chandler & Barber, Boston, Mass. 

Orr & Lockett Hardware Co., 14 Randolph St., Chicago, 111. 

Cement and Concrete Worker's Tools. 

Huey & Philp Hardware Co., Dallas, Texas. 
Walter Tips, Austin, Texas. 

Chucks — Lathe and Drill. 

The Skinner Chuck Co., New Britain, Conn. 
T. R. Almond Mfg. Co., Ashburnham, Mass. 
Wescott Chuck Co., Oneida, N. Y. 

Drawing Boards and Tables. 

Grand Rapids Hand Screw Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. 

Keuffel & Esser Co., Hoboken. N. J. 

Oak Cliff Planing Mill and Mfg. Co., Dallas. Texas. 



Manual Training in the High School 59 

Drills — Uprigh t. 

The Rockford Drilling Machine Co., Eockford, .111. 

Walter Tips, Austin, Texas, 

W. T. & John Bams Co., Rockford, 111. 

Forges. 

B. F. Sturtevant Co., Hyde Park, Mass. 
Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 

Oliver Machinery Co.. Grand Rapids, Mich. 
Champion Blower and Forge Co., Lancaster, Pa. 

Foundry Equipment. 

Hill & Griffith Co.. Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Ideal Mfg. Co., San Antonio, Texas. 
Orr & Lockett Hardware Co., Chicago, 111. 

Furnaces — Melting, Tempering and Annealing. 

American Gas Furnace Co., New York, N. Y. 

Buffalo Dental Mfg. Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 

Chicago Flexible Shaft Co., La Salle Ave., Chicago, 111. 

Gear Cutting Attachments for Lathes. 
W. C. Young, Worcester, Mass. 

Glue. 

C. T. Bailey Co., Chicago, 111. 
Swift & Co., Chicago, 111. 

Glue Heaters. 

Oliver Machinery Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. 

Grinders. 

Mummert & Dixon Co., Hanover, Pa, 
Oliver Machinery Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. 
Pike Mfg. Co., Pike, N". H. 
Rockford Drilling Machine Co., Rockford, 111. 
The Carborundum Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. 

Jointers — Hand. 

American WoodAvorking Machinery Co., Rochester, N. Y. 
J. A. Fay & Egan Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Oliver Machinery Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. 



60 Bulletin of the University of Texas 

Knives, Sloyd. 

Hammacher-Schlemmer Co., New York, N. Y. 
Harrington Cutlery Co., Southbridge, Mass. 

Lathe Tools. 

Armstrong Bros. Tool Co., Chicago, 111. 

T. E. Almond Mfg. Co., Ashburnham, Mass. 

Lollies — Engine. 

F. E. Eeed Co., Worcester, Mass. 

The Champion Tool Works, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

The Seneca Falls Mfg. Co., Seneca Falls, X. Y. 

Lath es — Wood Turning. 

F. E. Keed Co., Worcester, Mass. 

F. E. Wells Co., Greenfield, Mass. 

J. A. Fay & Egan Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Oliver Machinery Co., Grand Eapids, Mich. 

Lum her — Hardwood. 

Griffith Lumber Co., Dallas, Texas. 

Machine Tools. 

Joseph T. Eyerson & Son, Houston, Texas. 

Manual Train ing Vises. 

C. A. Herriman & Son, South Haven. Mich. 
Oliver Machinery Co., Grand Eapids, Mich. 
Eichards-Wilcox Mfg. Co., Aurora, 111. 
W. C. Toles & Co., Irving Park, Chicago, 111. 

Metals. Brass, Copper. Bronze, Etc. 

Charles H. Besly & Co., N. Clinton St., Chicago, 111. 

Metal Working Tools. 

Briggs-Weaver Machinery Co., Dallas, Texas. 
Charles Besley & Co.. X. Clinton St., Chicago, 111. 
Walter Tips, Austin, Texas. 

Moulder's Tools. 

Hill & Griffith Co., Cincinnati. Ohio. 

Pipe Tools, /'lumber's Tools. 
Crane & Co., Dallas, Texas. 
Walter Tips, Austin, Texas. 



Manual Training in the High School 61 

Saws— Band and Circular. 

American Woodworking Machinery Co., Rochester, N. Y. 
J. A. Fay & Egan Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Oliver Machinery Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. 
The Crescent Machine Co., Leetonia, Ohio. 

Saws — Power Hack. 

Millers Falls Co., Millers Falls, Mass. 

Henry G. Thompson & Son Co., New Haven, Conn. 

Shapers — Cran k. 

Gould & Eherhardt, Newark, N. J. 
Joseph T. Ryerson & Son, Houston, Texas. 

Sheet Metal and Sheet Metal Worker's Tools. 

Charles Besly & Co., N. Clinton St., Chicago, 111. 
Huey & Philp Hardware Co., Dallas, Texas. 
Orr & Lockett Hardware Co., Chicago, 111. 

Tubing — Metal. 

Charles Besly & Co., N. Clinton St., Chicago, 111. 

Venetian Iron. 

Hammacher & Schlemmer Co., New York, N. Y. 
Orr & Lockett, Chicago, 111. 

Veneer and Veneer Panels. 

St. Louis Basket and Box Co., St. Louis, Mo. 
The Louisville Veneer Mills, Louisville, Ky. 

Wo o rZ w ork ing Tools. 

Behering & Cartes, Houston, Texas. 
Huey & Philp Hardware Co., Dallas, Texas. 
Miller Falls Co., Miller Falls, Mass. 
■ Sargent & Co., New Haven, Conn. 

Stanley Rule and Level Co., New Britain, Conn., Norwood 

Station, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Walter Tips, Austin, Texas. 

Wood Finishing Material. 

Berry Brothers, Detroit, Mich. 

H. Behlen & Bros., 371 Pearl St., New York, N. Y. . 

The Marietta Paint and Color Co., Marietta, Ohio. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



I mil in ii 1 1 ii 

013 974 209 6 m 



